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A Dutch Brazilian ((オランダ語:Nederlandse Brazilianen), (ポルトガル語:Neerlando-brasileiro) or ) is a Brazilian of full or partial Dutch ancestry. Dutch Brazilians are mainly descendants of immigrants from the Netherlands with a considerable number from Flanders as well. The Dutch were among the first Europeans settling in Brazil during the 17th century. They controlled the northern coast of Brazil from 1630 to 1654. A significant number of Dutch immigrants arrived in that period. The state of Pernambuco (then Captaincy of Pernambuco) was once a colony of the Dutch Republic from 1630 to 1661. There are a considerable number of people who are descendants of the Dutch colonists in Paraíba (for example in Frederikstad, today João Pessoa), Pernambuco, Alagoas and Rio Grande do Norte.〔(Brasileiros na Holanda )〕〔(Agência CT - Ministério da Ciência & Tecnologia )〕 During the 19th and 20th century, Dutch immigrants from the Netherlands immigrated to the Brazil's Center-South, founded a few cities and prospered.〔(Holandeses no Brasil - Radio Nederland, a emissora internacional e independente da Holanda - Português )〕 The majority of Dutch Brazilians reside in Espírito Santo, Paraná,〔(Bem Paraná - Cidades preservam tradições dos colonos )〕 Rio Grande do Sul and São Paulo.〔(Imigrantes: Holandeses )〕 There are also small groups of Dutch Brazilians in Goiás, Ceará, Rio Grande do Norte, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro.〔(Imigração Holandesa no Brasil. Glossário. História, Sociedade e Educação no Brasil - HISTEDBR - Faculdade de Educação - UNICAMP )〕 ==Dutch presence in Brazil== The Dutch West India Company was established in Amsterdam in 1621 and soon came into contact with the overseas domains of Portugal and Spain. The Dutch had already visited Brazil's coast, and possession of its brazilwood and sugar became an object of interest of the new company. By 1630, the Dutch occupied Pernambuco establishing the colony ''New Holland'' and gradually expanded their conquests to Ceará and to the north into Rio Grande do Norte. In 1637, Count Johan Maurits of Nassau-Siegen (1604–1679) arrived in Recife, the captaincy (a political and administrative division of colonial times) of Pernambuco, to become the first Dutch governor. He was assigned by the Dutch West India Company to consolidate the Dutch settlements and economic interests in Brazil. The Count was a good administrator of the city and of Dutch interests in general. His government was characterized by the inclusion of men of distinguished learning, among them painters such as Albert Eckhout (1637–1664) and Frans Post (1612-ca.1680), as well as naturalists such as Zacharias Wagner (1614–1668), who documented Brazil's flora and fauna. In 1647, Count Maurits' biographer, Gaspar Barleus (1584–1648), wrote Rerum per Octennium in Brasília (History of Deeds Done in Eight Years in Brazil), considered the most important work about colonial Brazil. The Luso-Brazilian population living in northeastern Brazil, the area under Dutch control from 1624 to 1654, resisted at first but later submitted to the control of the Dutch. After Count Johan Maurits left Brazil, the population rebelled against the Dutch. In 1648-49 the Luso-Brazilians defeated the Dutch in the first and second battles of Guararapes, and gradually recovered their land. In addition, the wars between England and the Dutch Republic were weakening Dutch power everywhere. In January 1654 the Dutch surrendered and signed the Treaty of Taborda, but only as a provisory pact. By May 1654 the Dutch Republic demanded the colony back. However, on 6 August 1661 New Holland was formally ceded to Portugal through the Treaty of The Hague. Even though Dutch rule in northeastern Brazil was relatively brief, it left an indelible mark on the architecture and art of the region. Depictions by Dutch painters of the new country and its spectacular natural life were among the first such portrayals to be shown in Europe. In addition, the Dutch founded the first synagogue in the Americas, Kahal Zur Israel Synagogue - in Recife in 1636.〔(United States and Brazil: The Defeat of the Dutch / Brasil e Estados Unidos: A Expulsão dos Holandeses do Brasil )〕 In ancient reports, is stated that there was a strong miscegenation between Native Brazilians,Portuguese,Blacks, Jews, Dutch, Germans, French and Englishman during the period of Dutch Brazil colony.〔HALLAM, Paul. The book of Sodom. Verso. London, p. 204, 1995.〕 The majority of soldiers and marines that lived in the Nieuw-Holland was made by Dutch, Germans, Norwegian, Scottish and Jews.〔MACHADO, Luiz Toledo. Formação do Brasil e da unidade nacional. IBRASA, São Paulo, v.1, p.29, 1980.〕 The absence of woman in the colony explained the high number of miscegenation.〔MARCOS GALINDO, Luis Sávio de Almeida. Indios do Nordeste: temas e problemas : 500 anos, Volume 2 UFAL, Maceió,v.2, p.59, 1999.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Dutch Brazilian」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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